/** @license MIT License (c) copyright B Cavalier & J Hann */

/**
 * when
 * A lightweight CommonJS Promises/A and when() implementation
 *
 * when is part of the cujo.js family of libraries (http://cujojs.com/)
 *
 * Licensed under the MIT License at:
 * http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
 *
 * @version 1.0.4
 */

(function(define) {
define(function() {
    var freeze, reduceArray, slice, undef;

	//
	// Public API
	//

	when.defer     = defer;
	when.reject    = reject;
	when.isPromise = isPromise;

	when.all       = all;
	when.some      = some;
	when.any       = any;

	when.map       = map;
	when.reduce    = reduce;

	when.chain     = chain;

	/** Object.freeze */
	freeze = Object.freeze || function(o) { return o; };

	/**
     * Trusted Promise constructor.  A Promise created from this constructor is
     * a trusted when.js promise.  Any other duck-typed promise is considered
     * untrusted.
	 *
	 * @constructor
	 */
	function Promise() {}

	Promise.prototype = freeze({
		always: function(alwaysback, progback) {
			return this.then(alwaysback, alwaysback, progback);
		}
	});

    /**
     * Create an already-resolved promise for the supplied value
     * @private
     *
     * @param value anything
     * @return {Promise}
     */
    function resolved(value) {

        var p = new Promise();

        p.then = function(callback) {
            var nextValue;
            try {
                if(callback) nextValue = callback(value);
                return promise(nextValue === undef ? value : nextValue);
            } catch(e) {
                return rejected(e);
            }
        };

        return freeze(p);
    }

    /**
     * Create an already-rejected {@link Promise} with the supplied
     * rejection reason.
     * @private
     *
     * @param reason rejection reason
     * @return {Promise}
     */
    function rejected(reason) {

        var p = new Promise();

        p.then = function(callback, errback) {
            var nextValue;
            try {
                if(errback) {
                    nextValue = errback(reason);
                    return promise(nextValue === undef ? reason : nextValue)
                }

                return rejected(reason);

            } catch(e) {
                return rejected(e);
            }
        };

        return freeze(p);
    }

	/**
	 * Returns a rejected promise for the supplied promiseOrValue. If
	 * promiseOrValue is a value, it will be the rejection value of the
	 * returned promise.  If promiseOrValue is a promise, its
	 * completion value will be the rejected value of the returned promise
	 *
	 * @param promiseOrValue {*} the rejected value of the returned {@link Promise}
	 *
	 * @return {Promise} rejected {@link Promise}
	 */
	function reject(promiseOrValue) {
		return when(promiseOrValue, function(value) {
			return rejected(value);
		});
	}

    /**
     * Creates a new, CommonJS compliant, Deferred with fully isolated
     * resolver and promise parts, either or both of which may be given out
     * safely to consumers.
     * The Deferred itself has the full API: resolve, reject, progress, and
     * then. The resolver has resolve, reject, and progress.  The promise
     * only has then.
     *
     * @memberOf when
     * @function
     *
     * @returns {Deferred}
     */
    function defer() {
        var deferred, promise, listeners, progressHandlers, _then, _progress, complete;

        listeners = [];
        progressHandlers = [];

        /**
         * Pre-resolution then() that adds the supplied callback, errback, and progback
         * functions to the registered listeners
         *
         * @private
         *
         * @param [callback] {Function} resolution handler
         * @param [errback] {Function} rejection handler
         * @param [progback] {Function} progress handler
         *
         * @throws {Error} if any argument is not null, undefined, or a Function
         */
        _then = function unresolvedThen(callback, errback, progback) {
            var deferred = defer();

            listeners.push(function(promise) {
                promise.then(callback, errback)
                    .then(deferred.resolve, deferred.reject, deferred.progress);
            });

            progback && progressHandlers.push(progback);

            return deferred.promise;
        };

        /**
         * Registers a handler for this {@link Deferred}'s {@link Promise}.  Even though all arguments
         * are optional, each argument that *is* supplied must be null, undefined, or a Function.
         * Any other value will cause an Error to be thrown.
         *
         * @memberOf Promise
         *
         * @param [callback] {Function} resolution handler
         * @param [errback] {Function} rejection handler
         * @param [progback] {Function} progress handler
         *
         * @throws {Error} if any argument is not null, undefined, or a Function
         */
        function then(callback, errback, progback) {
            return _then(callback, errback, progback);
        }

        /**
         * Resolves this {@link Deferred}'s {@link Promise} with val as the
         * resolution value.
         *
         * @memberOf Resolver
         *
         * @param val anything
         */
        function resolve(val) {
            complete(resolved(val));
        }

        /**
         * Rejects this {@link Deferred}'s {@link Promise} with err as the
         * reason.
         *
         * @memberOf Resolver
         *
         * @param err anything
         */
        function reject(err) {
            complete(rejected(err));
        }

        /**
         * @private
         * @param update
         */
        _progress = function(update) {
            var progress, i = 0;
            while (progress = progressHandlers[i++]) progress(update);
        };

        /**
         * Emits a progress update to all progress observers registered with
         * this {@link Deferred}'s {@link Promise}
         *
         * @memberOf Resolver
         *
         * @param update anything
         */
        function progress(update) {
            _progress(update);
        }

        /**
         * Transition from pre-resolution state to post-resolution state, notifying
         * all listeners of the resolution or rejection
         *
         * @private
         *
         * @param completed {Promise} the completed value of this deferred
         */
        complete = function(completed) {
            var listener, i = 0;

            // Replace _then with one that directly notifies with the result.
            _then = completed.then;

            // Replace complete so that this Deferred can only be completed
            // once. Also Replace _progress, so that subsequent attempts to issue
            // progress throw.
            complete = _progress = function alreadyCompleted() {
                // TODO: Consider silently returning here so that parties who
                // have a reference to the resolver cannot tell that the promise
                // has been resolved using try/catch
                throw new Error("already completed");
            };

            // Free progressHandlers array since we'll never issue progress events
            // for this promise again now that it's completed
            progressHandlers = undef;

            // Notify listeners
            // Traverse all listeners registered directly with this Deferred

            while (listener = listeners[i++]) {
                listener(completed);
            }

            listeners = [];
        };

        /**
         * The full Deferred object, with both {@link Promise} and {@link Resolver}
         * parts
         * @class Deferred
         * @name Deferred
         */
        deferred = {};

        // Promise and Resolver parts
        // Freeze Promise and Resolver APIs

        promise = new Promise();
        promise.then = deferred.then = then;

        /**
         * The {@link Promise} for this {@link Deferred}
         * @memberOf Deferred
         * @name promise
         * @type {Promise}
         */
        deferred.promise = freeze(promise);

        /**
         * The {@link Resolver} for this {@link Deferred}
         * @memberOf Deferred
         * @name resolver
		 * @class Resolver
         */
        deferred.resolver = freeze({
            resolve:  (deferred.resolve  = resolve),
            reject:   (deferred.reject   = reject),
            progress: (deferred.progress = progress)
        });

        return deferred;
    }

    /**
     * Determines if promiseOrValue is a promise or not.  Uses the feature
     * test from http://wiki.commonjs.org/wiki/Promises/A to determine if
     * promiseOrValue is a promise.
     *
     * @param promiseOrValue anything
     *
     * @returns {Boolean} true if promiseOrValue is a {@link Promise}
     */
    function isPromise(promiseOrValue) {
        return promiseOrValue && typeof promiseOrValue.then === 'function';
    }

    /**
     * Register an observer for a promise or immediate value.
     *
     * @function
     * @name when
     * @namespace
     *
     * @param promiseOrValue anything
     * @param {Function} [callback] callback to be called when promiseOrValue is
     *   successfully resolved.  If promiseOrValue is an immediate value, callback
     *   will be invoked immediately.
     * @param {Function} [errback] callback to be called when promiseOrValue is
     *   rejected.
     * @param {Function} [progressHandler] callback to be called when progress updates
     *   are issued for promiseOrValue.
     *
     * @returns {Promise} a new {@link Promise} that will complete with the return
     *   value of callback or errback or the completion value of promiseOrValue if
     *   callback and/or errback is not supplied.
     */
    function when(promiseOrValue, callback, errback, progressHandler) {
        // Get a promise for the input promiseOrValue
        // See promise()
        var trustedPromise = promise(promiseOrValue);

        // Register promise handlers
        return trustedPromise.then(callback, errback, progressHandler);
    }

    /**
     * Returns promiseOrValue if promiseOrValue is a {@link Promise}, a new Promise if
     * promiseOrValue is a foreign promise, or a new, already-resolved {@link Promise}
     * whose resolution value is promiseOrValue if promiseOrValue is an immediate value.
     *
     * Note that this function is not safe to export since it will return its
     * input when promiseOrValue is a {@link Promise}
     *
     * @private
     *
     * @param promiseOrValue anything
     *
     * @returns Guaranteed to return a trusted Promise.  If promiseOrValue is a when.js {@link Promise}
     *   returns promiseOrValue, otherwise, returns a new, already-resolved, when.js {@link Promise}
     *   whose resolution value is:
     *   * the resolution value of promiseOrValue if it's a foreign promise, or
     *   * promiseOrValue if it's a value
     */
    function promise(promiseOrValue) {
        var promise, deferred;

        if(promiseOrValue instanceof Promise) {
            // It's a when.js promise, so we trust it
            promise = promiseOrValue;

        } else {
            // It's not a when.js promise.  Check to see if it's a foreign promise
            // or a value.

            deferred = defer();
            if(isPromise(promiseOrValue)) {
                // It's a compliant promise, but we don't know where it came from,
                // so we don't trust its implementation entirely.  Introduce a trusted
                // middleman when.js promise

                // IMPORTANT: This is the only place when.js should ever call .then() on
                // an untrusted promise.
                promiseOrValue.then(deferred.resolve, deferred.reject, deferred.progress);
                promise = deferred.promise;

            } else {
                // It's a value, not a promise.  Create an already-resolved promise
                // for it.
                deferred.resolve(promiseOrValue);
                promise = deferred.promise;
            }
        }

        return promise;
    }

    /**
     * Return a promise that will resolve when howMany of the supplied promisesOrValues
     * have resolved. The resolution value of the returned promise will be an array of
     * length howMany containing the resolutions values of the triggering promisesOrValues.
     *
     * @memberOf when
     *
     * @param promisesOrValues {Array} array of anything, may contain a mix
     *      of {@link Promise}s and values
     * @param howMany
     * @param [callback]
     * @param [errback]
     * @param [progressHandler]
     *
     * @returns {Promise}
     */
    function some(promisesOrValues, howMany, callback, errback, progressHandler) {

		checkCallbacks(2, arguments);

		return when(promisesOrValues, function(promisesOrValues) {

			var toResolve, results, ret, deferred, resolver, rejecter, handleProgress, len, i;

			len = promisesOrValues.length >>> 0;

			toResolve = Math.max(0, Math.min(howMany, len));
			results = [];
			deferred = defer();
			ret = when(deferred, callback, errback, progressHandler);

			// Wrapper so that resolver can be replaced
			function resolve(val) {
				resolver(val);
			}

			// Wrapper so that rejecter can be replaced
			function reject(err) {
				rejecter(err);
			}

			// Wrapper so that progress can be replaced
			function progress(update) {
				handleProgress(update);
			}

			function complete() {
				resolver = rejecter = handleProgress = noop;
			}

			// No items in the input, resolve immediately
			if (!toResolve) {
				deferred.resolve(results);

			} else {
				// Resolver for promises.  Captures the value and resolves
				// the returned promise when toResolve reaches zero.
				// Overwrites resolver var with a noop once promise has
				// be resolved to cover case where n < promises.length
				resolver = function(val) {
					// This orders the values based on promise resolution order
					// Another strategy would be to use the original position of
					// the corresponding promise.
					results.push(val);

					if (!--toResolve) {
						complete();
						deferred.resolve(results);
					}
				};

				// Rejecter for promises.  Rejects returned promise
				// immediately, and overwrites rejecter var with a noop
				// once promise to cover case where n < promises.length.
				// TODO: Consider rejecting only when N (or promises.length - N?)
				// promises have been rejected instead of only one?
				rejecter = function(err) {
					complete();
					deferred.reject(err);
				};

				handleProgress = deferred.progress;

				// TODO: Replace while with forEach
				for(i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
					if(i in promisesOrValues) {
						when(promisesOrValues[i], resolve, reject, progress);
					}
				}
			}

			return ret;
		});
    }

    /**
     * Return a promise that will resolve only once all the supplied promisesOrValues
     * have resolved. The resolution value of the returned promise will be an array
     * containing the resolution values of each of the promisesOrValues.
     *
     * @memberOf when
     *
     * @param promisesOrValues {Array|Promise} array of anything, may contain a mix
     *      of {@link Promise}s and values
     * @param [callback] {Function}
     * @param [errback] {Function}
     * @param [progressHandler] {Function}
     *
     * @returns {Promise}
     */
    function all(promisesOrValues, callback, errback, progressHandler) {

		checkCallbacks(1, arguments);

		return when(promisesOrValues, function(promisesOrValues) {
			return _reduce(promisesOrValues, reduceIntoArray, []);
		}).then(callback, errback, progressHandler);
    }

    function reduceIntoArray(current, val, i) {
        current[i] = val;
        return current;
    }

    /**
     * Return a promise that will resolve when any one of the supplied promisesOrValues
     * has resolved. The resolution value of the returned promise will be the resolution
     * value of the triggering promiseOrValue.
     *
     * @memberOf when
     *
     * @param promisesOrValues {Array|Promise} array of anything, may contain a mix
     *      of {@link Promise}s and values
     * @param [callback] {Function}
     * @param [errback] {Function}
     * @param [progressHandler] {Function}
     *
     * @returns {Promise}
     */
    function any(promisesOrValues, callback, errback, progressHandler) {

        function unwrapSingleResult(val) {
            return callback(val[0]);
        }

        return some(promisesOrValues, 1, unwrapSingleResult, errback, progressHandler);
    }

	/**
	 * Traditional map function, similar to `Array.prototype.map()`, but allows
	 * input to contain {@link Promise}s and/or values, and mapFunc may return
	 * either a value or a {@link Promise}
	 *
	 * @memberOf when
	 *
	 * @param promise {Array|Promise} array of anything, may contain a mix
	 *      of {@link Promise}s and values
	 * @param mapFunc {Function} mapping function mapFunc(value) which may return
	 *      either a {@link Promise} or value
	 *
	 * @returns {Promise} a {@link Promise} that will resolve to an array containing
	 *      the mapped output values.
	 */
	function map(promise, mapFunc) {
		return when(promise, function(array) {
			return _map(array, mapFunc);
		});
	}

	/**
	 * Private map helper to map an array of promises
	 * @private
	 *
	 * @param promisesOrValues {Array}
	 * @param mapFunc {Function}
	 * @return {Promise}
	 */
    function _map(promisesOrValues, mapFunc) {

        var results, len, i;

        // Since we know the resulting length, we can preallocate the results
        // array to avoid array expansions.
        len = promisesOrValues.length >>> 0;
		results = new Array(len);

		// Since mapFunc may be async, get all invocations of it into flight
        // asap, and then use reduce() to collect all the results
        for(i = 0; i < len; i++) {
            if(i in promisesOrValues)
                results[i] = when(promisesOrValues[i], mapFunc);
        }

        // Could use all() here, but that would result in another array
        // being allocated, i.e. map() would end up allocating 2 arrays
        // of size len instead of just 1.  Since all() uses reduce()
        // anyway, avoid the additional allocation by calling reduce
        // directly.
        return _reduce(results, reduceIntoArray, results);
    }

	/**
	 * Traditional reduce function, similar to `Array.prototype.reduce()`, but
	 * input may contain {@link Promise}s and/or values, and reduceFunc
	 * may return either a value or a {@link Promise}, *and* initialValue may
	 * be a {@link Promise} for the starting value.
	 *
	 * @memberOf when
	 *
	 * @param promise {Array|Promise} array of anything, may contain a mix
	 *      of {@link Promise}s and values.  May also be a {@link Promise} for
	 *      an array.
	 * @param reduceFunc {Function} reduce function reduce(currentValue, nextValue, index, total),
	 *      where total is the total number of items being reduced, and will be the same
	 *      in each call to reduceFunc.
	 * @param initialValue starting value, or a {@link Promise} for the starting value
	 *
	 * @returns {Promise} that will resolve to the final reduced value
	 */
	function reduce(promise, reduceFunc, initialValue) {
		var args = slice.call(arguments, 1);
		return when(promise, function(array) {
			return _reduce.apply(undef, [array].concat(args));
		});
	}

	/**
	 * Private reduce to reduce an array of promises
	 * @private
	 *
	 * @param promisesOrValues {Array}
	 * @param reduceFunc {Function}
	 * @param initialValue {*}
	 * @return {Promise}
	 */
    function _reduce(promisesOrValues, reduceFunc, initialValue) {

        var total, args;

        total = promisesOrValues.length;

        // Skip promisesOrValues, since it will be used as 'this' in the call
        // to the actual reduce engine below.

        // Wrap the supplied reduceFunc with one that handles promises and then
        // delegates to the supplied.

        args = [
            function (current, val, i) {
                return when(current, function (c) {
                    return when(val, function (value) {
                        return reduceFunc(c, value, i, total);
                    });
                });
            }
        ];

        if (arguments.length > 2) args.push(initialValue);

		return reduceArray.apply(promisesOrValues, args);
    }

    /**
     * Ensure that resolution of promiseOrValue will complete resolver with the completion
     * value of promiseOrValue, or instead with resolveValue if it is provided.
     *
     * @memberOf when
     *
     * @param promiseOrValue
     * @param resolver {Resolver}
     * @param [resolveValue] anything
     *
     * @returns {Promise}
     */
    function chain(promiseOrValue, resolver, resolveValue) {
        var useResolveValue = arguments.length > 2;

        return when(promiseOrValue,
            function(val) {
				if(useResolveValue) val = resolveValue;
                resolver.resolve(val);
				return val;
            },
			function(e) {
				resolver.reject(e);
				return rejected(e);
			},
            resolver.progress
        );
    }

	//
	// Utility functions
	//

	/**
	 * Helper that checks arrayOfCallbacks to ensure that each element is either
	 * a function, or null or undefined.
	 *
	 * @private
	 *
	 * @param arrayOfCallbacks {Array} array to check
	 * @throws {Error} if any element of arrayOfCallbacks is something other than
	 * a Functions, null, or undefined.
	 */
	function checkCallbacks(start, arrayOfCallbacks) {
		var arg, i = arrayOfCallbacks.length;
		while(i > start) {
			arg = arrayOfCallbacks[--i];
			if (arg != null && typeof arg != 'function') throw new Error('callback is not a function');
		}
	}

	/**
	 * No-Op function used in method replacement
	 * @private
	 */
	function noop() {}

	slice = [].slice;

	// ES5 reduce implementation if native not available
	// See: http://es5.github.com/#x15.4.4.21 as there are many
	// specifics and edge cases.
	reduceArray = [].reduce ||
		function(reduceFunc /*, initialValue */) {
			// ES5 dictates that reduce.length === 1

			// This implementation deviates from ES5 spec in the following ways:
			// 1. It does not check if reduceFunc is a Callable

			var arr, args, reduced, len, i;

			i = 0;
			arr = Object(this);
			len = arr.length >>> 0;
			args = arguments;

			// If no initialValue, use first item of array (we know length !== 0 here)
			// and adjust i to start at second item
			if(args.length <= 1) {
				// Skip to the first real element in the array
				for(;;) {
					if(i in arr) {
						reduced = arr[i++];
						break;
					}

					// If we reached the end of the array without finding any real
					// elements, it's a TypeError
					if(++i >= len) {
						throw new TypeError();
					}
				}
			} else {
				// If initialValue provided, use it
				reduced = args[1];
			}

			// Do the actual reduce
			for(;i < len; ++i) {
				// Skip holes
				if(i in arr)
					reduced = reduceFunc(reduced, arr[i], i, arr);
			}

			return reduced;
		};

	return when;
});
})(typeof define == 'function'
    ? define
    : function (factory) { typeof module != 'undefined'
        ? (module.exports = factory())
        : (this.when      = factory());
    }
    // Boilerplate for AMD, Node, and browser global
);